EV Buyers Guide

AutoNation is Your Electric Vehicle Dealer in Amarillo

Whether you are looking for a luxury all-electric vehicle (EV) or wanting to explore the latest in sustainable driving, you'll find an exceptional selection of Cadillac electric cars for sale in Amarillo. AutoNation Cadillac Amarillo proudly serves drivers throughout the High Plains and the Texas Panhandle, including nearby Canyon, Hereford, and Borger.

Step into the future of automotive luxury when you shop our current selection of new and pre-owned electric options. You can explore our clean-energy lineup online, or visit our team to see them side-by-side and learn more about Cadillac's groundbreaking Ultium battery platform. Our specialized team is here to answer your questions about charging infrastructure, driving range, and everything this exciting new era of performance has to offer.

Electric Vehicles For Sale Contact Us

Cadillac Electric Vehicle Lineup

Cadillac CELESTIQ

The all-electric CELESTIQ is the ultimate manifestation of ultra-luxury redefined through the spirit of futurism and the avant-garde. As Cadillac's pinnacle halo vehicle, it pushes the boundaries of custom craftsmanship and electric capability.

This flagship EV delivers an unprecedented definition of luxury, driven by the advanced Ultium Platform. Hand-built by master craftspeople at GM’s Global Technical Center, each CELESTIQ is unique, granting clients direct collaboration with a personal design concierge to customize everything from bespoke interior finishes to localized design themes.

CELESTIQ Key Technical Specifications
Powertrain Dual-Motor All-Wheel Drive (AWD)
Horsepower 655 hp (GM estimated)
Torque 646 lb-ft
Electric Range Up to 303 miles on a full charge (EPA estimated)
Acceleration 0-60 mph in 3.7 seconds (Velocity Max mode)
Key Features 55-inch diagonal advanced pillar-to-pillar LED display, Fixed Smart Glass Roof with 4-zone dimming, and 38-speaker AKG Studio Reference Audio System

Beyond its jaw-dropping performance, the CELESTIQ offers an ultra-refined, whisper-quiet cabin ride quality courtesy of standard Magnetic Ride Control and Adaptive Air Suspension. If you would like to explore Cadillac's revolutionary electric architecture first-hand, feel free to visit our local Amarillo showroom to discuss your electric driving future.

Learn More

Cadillac LYRIQ

The Cadillac LYRIQ is a premier luxury electric SUV that flawlessly blends striking, geometric design with sophisticated performance. Built from the ground up on GM's revolutionary Ultium battery platform, the LYRIQ offers dynamic charging capabilities and an exceptional EPA-estimated driving range, making it a highly practical option for daily commuting and weekend road trips across the Texas Panhandle.

Tailored to fit your unique driving preference, the LYRIQ features distinct powertrain configurations. The standard single-motor Rear-Wheel Drive (RWD) system pushes out a robust 365 horsepower, while the available dual-motor All-Wheel Drive (AWD) elevates performance to an impressive 515 horsepower and adds a 3,500-lb trailering capacity. For enthusiasts craving track-inspired thrills, the high-performance LYRIQ-V variant unleashes a staggering 615 horsepower and a 0-60 mph sprint of just 3.3 seconds in Velocity Max mode.

LYRIQ Performance & Range Specifications
Powertrain Configuration Single-Motor RWD Dual-Motor AWD
Horsepower 365 hp 515 hp (615 hp on LYRIQ-V)
Torque 325 lb-ft 450 lb-ft (650 lb-ft on LYRIQ-V)
EPA-Est. Driving Range Up to 326 miles Up to 319 miles (285 miles on LYRIQ-V)
DC Fast Charging Speed Adds up to 77 miles of range in about 10 minutes at public charging stations

Step inside, and you are greeted by an expansive, tech-focused sanctuary. The cabin features a breathtaking 33-inch diagonal advanced curved LED display capable of emitting over one billion colors, alongside the available Super Cruise hands-free driver assistance technology. Charging is seamless whether you're at home with a Level 2 AC configuration or out on the road utilizing public DC fast chargers and the expansive Tesla Supercharger network.

If you're eager to feel this instantaneous electric acceleration yourself, see them side-by-side or take a test drive by visiting our Amarillo showroom floor.

Shop LYRIQ EVs

Cadillac OPTIQ

Serving as the luxury entry point to Cadillac's electric revolution, the Cadillac OPTIQ brings high-end sophistication and spirited electric performance to the luxury compact crossover segment. Acting as a nimble, athletic companion to its larger LYRIQ sibling, the OPTIQ is engineered from the ground up on GM's advanced Ultium battery architecture. It delivers razor-sharp handling and a near-perfect 50/50 weight distribution, perfectly suited for navigating both crowded city streets and open High Plains highways.

While the OPTIQ offers an accessible footprint, it compromises nothing when it comes to power and configuration. The standard single-motor Rear-Wheel Drive (RWD) system generates a capable 315 horsepower and a class-leading EPA-estimated 317 miles of range. For drivers seeking enhanced traction, the dual-motor All-Wheel Drive (AWD) variant boosts output to a thrilling 440 horsepower. True performance enthusiasts can step up to the top-tier OPTIQ-V, a high-octane V-Series addition that unleashes a fierce 519 horsepower and snaps from 0-60 mph in just 3.5 seconds.

OPTIQ Mechanical & Battery Specifications
Powertrain Options Single-Motor RWD Dual-Motor AWD OPTIQ-V (AWD)
Horsepower 315 hp 440 hp 519 hp
Torque 332 lb-ft 498 lb-ft 650 lb-ft
EPA-Est. Driving Range Up to 317 miles Up to 303 miles Up to 278 miles
Onboard Battery Pack Standard 85.0-kWh lithium-ion platform
DC Fast Charge Rate Adds up to 79-81 miles of driving range in approximately 10 minutes

Inside, the OPTIQ features an incredibly upscale cockpit anchored by a dramatic 33-inch diagonal advanced 9K resolution LED display with Google built-in compatibility. The spacious cabin accommodates five adult passengers comfortably, highlighting segment-best second-row legroom and premium interior accents constructed from sustainable, eco-conscious materials. Best of all, Cadillac's highly acclaimed Super Cruise hands-free driving technology comes standard across the lineup, giving you unparalleled peace of mind on long road trips.

Ready to explore this highly efficient luxury crossover in person? You can view current availability online, or visit our team at AutoNation Cadillac Amarillo to see how its athletic styling translates to the pavement.

Shop OPTIQ Inventory

Cadillac ESCALADE IQ

The iconic nameplate that redefined full-size American luxury has made its definitive leap into the electric era. Built from the ground up on GM's dedicated proprietary EV architecture, the Cadillac ESCALADE IQ retains its commanding street presence while introducing staggering performance thresholds. For larger families or those seeking maximum cabin capacity, Cadillac has also expanded the lineup with the long-wheelbase ESCALADE IQL, offering an additional four inches of third-row legroom and expanded cargo dimensions.

Beneath its sculpted, aerodynamic exterior rests a standard dual-motor All-Wheel Drive (AWD) propulsion setup paired with a massive 205-kWh Ultium battery pack. In everyday driving modes, the ESCALADE IQ effortlessly generates 680 horsepower, but engaging the adrenaline-pumping Velocity Max system unlocks a towering 750 horsepower and 785 lb-ft of torque. This muscle allows the full-size SUV to hit 0-60 mph in a sports-car-rivaling 4.7 seconds while supporting a robust maximum towing capacity of up to 8,000 pounds.

ESCALADE IQ Power & Battery Metrics
Powertrain Architecture Dual-Motor eAWD Platform
Peak Horsepower 680 hp (Up to 750 hp in Velocity Max Mode)
Peak Torque 615 lb-ft (Up to 785 lb-ft in Velocity Max Mode)
Max Towing Capacity Up to 8,000 lbs
Cadillac-Est. Driving Range Up to 465 miles on a full charge
Public DC Fast Charging Rate 350 kW compatibility (Adds up to 100-117 miles of range in about 10 minutes)

Despite its size, the ESCALADE IQ navigates tight spaces, parking lots, and urban environments with agile precision thanks to standard 4-Wheel Steering, which drastically reduces its turning radius. The inner sanctuary is anchored by a jaw-dropping, pillar-to-pillar 55-inch total diagonal curved LED display system with Google built-in connectivity. Passengers enjoy standard three-row executive comfort, an immersive 21-speaker AKG Studio Audio System, and a highly functional eTrunk under the front hood providing an additional 12.2 cubic feet of secure cargo area.

If you're ready to explore this absolute pinnacle of zero-emission luxury firsthand, feel free to visit our team at AutoNation Cadillac Amarillo to coordinate an introduction.

Shop Escalade IQ Inventory

Cadillac VISTIQ

Slotting seamlessly into the luxury lineup between the agile LYRIQ and the majestic ESCALADE IQ, the first-ever Cadillac VISTIQ introduces uncompromising three-row electrified luxury to the midsize crossover segment. Designed explicitly for modern families who refuse to sacrifice performance for passenger capacity, the VISTIQ is engineered on GM's advanced Ultium battery architecture. It delivers a commanding ride, impeccable structural rigidity, and a sophisticated stance that is perfectly suited for family road trips across the High Plains or daily commutes through downtown Amarillo.

Unlike traditional crossovers that force a choice between efficiency and muscle, the VISTIQ comes standard with a high-output dual-motor All-Wheel Drive (AWD) propulsion platform. Harnessing a robust 102-kWh onboard battery pack, this luxury family hauler generates an astonishing 615 horsepower and 650 lb-ft of torque when engaging its on-demand Velocity Max performance setting. This enables a sports-car-rivaling 0-60 mph acceleration time of just 3.7 seconds while providing a highly capable maximum towing capacity of up to 5,000 pounds to easily pull the family boat or trailer.

VISTIQ Mechanical & Battery Specifications
Powertrain Options Standard Dual-Motor eAWD
Horsepower 615 hp (In Velocity Max Mode)
Torque 650 lb-ft (In Velocity Max Mode)
EPA-Est. Driving Range Up to 305 miles (Standard 11.5 kW Module) Up to 300 miles (Available 19.2 kW Module)
Maximum Towing Capacity Up to 5,000 lbs
DC Fast Charge Speed (190 kW) Adds up to 80 miles of driving range in approximately 10 minutes

Inside, the VISTIQ presents a grand, tech-forward sanctuary that comfortably accommodates up to seven passengers, or six when configured with the available second-row captain's chairs. The cockpit is anchored by a dramatic 33-inch diagonal advanced curved LED display featuring Google built-in compatibility, flanked by an immersive 23-speaker AKG Studio Audio system with Dolby Atmos. Passengers in all three rows enjoy premier comfort accents, including available custom-quilted Nouveauluxe seating surfaces and open-pore wood trim. True to Cadillac's premium safety standards, Super Cruise hands-free driving technology comes standard, delivering maximum relaxation on long Texas highway stretches.

Ready to explore this versatile three-row luxury EV in person? You can view current availability online, or visit our team at AutoNation Cadillac Amarillo to see how its distinctive styling and premium engineering translate to the pavement.

Shop VISTIQ Inventory

What is an Electric Car?

A modern electric vehicle (EV) is a highly refined, technologically advanced automobile engineered to operate entirely on clean electricity. In place of a traditional internal combustion engine and gasoline tank, fully electric vehicles utilize robust lithium-ion battery packs to store energy and high-efficiency electric motors to send power directly to the wheels. This architecture eliminates mechanical vibration, resulting in a whisper-quiet cabin and instantaneous torque delivery that provides immediate, smooth acceleration the moment you press the accelerator pedal.

Modern electric vehicles double as advanced technology hubs, routinely incorporating intelligent driver assistance systems, large interactive panoramic displays, and over-the-air software updates that continuously optimize vehicle performance over time. They also come standard with regenerative braking systems, a smart feature that captures kinetic energy during deceleration and channels it back into the battery pack to extend your range while driving. Thanks to advanced battery development, today's premium EVs offer extensive driving ranges—often exceeding 300 to 450 miles on a full charge—making them exceptionally practical for everyday use and long-distance highway travel.

The Different Kinds of EVs

When exploring the electrified automotive market, it helps to understand that alternative fuel systems fall into three primary categories. Each configuration features unique mechanical setups engineered to suit distinct driving habits, regional charging access, and lifestyle requirements:

  • Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs): These are 100% fully electric vehicles that completely eliminate gas-powered components. Driven entirely by massive battery packs and electric motors, BEVs produce zero tailpipe emissions and never require oil changes. They can be charged conveniently overnight at home using a standard Level 2 AC home charger or filled quickly on the go via public DC Fast Charging stations.
  • Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs): PHEVs represent a highly versatile middle ground, combining an electric motor, a moderate battery pack, and a secondary gasoline engine. They can operate purely on electric power for short distances (typically 20 to 50 miles), which is perfect for localized daily errands. Once the battery charge drops to a specific threshold, the gasoline engine seamlessly turns on to function as a conventional hybrid, completely eliminating range anxiety on long journeys.
  • Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs): Traditional hybrids feature a gasoline engine supported by an electric motor and a small internal battery. The vehicle cannot be plugged into an external power source; instead, the onboard battery is replenished solely through regenerative braking and energy produced by the gas engine. The electric components are designed strictly to boost fuel efficiency and provide low-speed assistance, making HEVs an excellent transition choice for drivers who want to reduce fuel consumption without changing their refueling habits.

Electric vs. Plug-In Hybrid: Key Differences Explained

While fully electric vehicles (BEVs) and Plug-In Hybrids (PHEVs) both utilize advanced charging ports, their operational philosophies are completely distinct. A pure EV relies entirely on a large battery infrastructure; if the battery drops to 0%, the vehicle stops. To maximize convenience, pure electric vehicles feature larger onboard cooling lines and faster DC charging acceptance rates so you can quickly replenish your driving range at public highway stations.

A Plug-In Hybrid utilizes its gasoline engine as a built-in safety net. Its primary drive cycle is electric, but the combustion engine remains in reserve to take over mechanical propulsion the exact moment the battery pack depletes. This dual-source framework provides ultimate peace of mind, though it means you still maintain a traditional internal combustion engine with associated fluid services.

Texas Registration Nuance: It is also worth noting how these vehicle types impact your annual state paperwork. Under Texas state law (Senate Bill 505), fully electric vehicles (BEVs) are subject to a state highway fund fee of $200 for annual registration renewals, or $400 upfront for a new vehicle's initial two-year registration period to offset gasoline tax structures. However, traditional hybrids (HEVs) and Plug-In Hybrids (PHEVs) are currently completely exempt from this specific Texas EV state surcharge, making them an incredibly cost-effective alternative for local drivers.

If you're trying to decide which powertrain configuration aligns best with your daily routine, you can browse our inventory online or visit our team at AutoNation Cadillac Amarillo to see them side-by-side.

plug icon

Electric vs. Plug-In Hybrid Quick Comparison

If you are trying to decide between a pure electric vehicle and a plug-in hybrid, it helps to see how their core capabilities stack up side-by-side. Use the reference table below to see which system matches your driving habits:

Core Metric Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
Primary Propulsion High-efficiency electric motor(s) only. Electric motor supported by a secondary gas engine.
Fuel Sources 100% electricity stored in a lithium-ion battery. Dual-source: Plug-in electric battery + traditional gas tank.
Total Driving Range Typically 300 to 465 miles entirely on battery power. 20 to 50 miles on pure electricity, then up to 400+ miles on gas backup.
Tailpipe Emissions Zero emissions at all times. Zero emissions during electric mode; normal emissions during gas mode.
Mechanical Maintenance Ultra-low maintenance. No engine oil, spark plugs, or timing belts. Requires standard internal combustion maintenance (oil changes, filters).
Texas Registration Surcharge Subject to the $200 annual state EV fee (Senate Bill 505). Currently completely exempt from the Texas EV fee surcharge.

Whether you favor the complete zero-emission freedom of a pure EV or the dual-fuel security of a plug-in hybrid, our inventory has options tailored for your lifestyle. Feel free to explore our models online, or visit our team at AutoNation Cadillac Amarillo to see them side-by-side and take a test drive.

plug icon

Pure Electric Vehicles (BEVs) Breakdown

For drivers looking to completely eliminate fossil fuels, mechanical complexity, and routine engine maintenance, a pure Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) offers the ultimate zero-emission driving experience. Review the core specifications below to see how a dedicated electric powertrain functions:

Dedicated Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) Framework
Primary Propulsion High-output electric traction motor(s) delivering instantaneous torque directly to the axles. Completely removes traditional transmissions, drive belts, and exhaust systems.
Fuel Source 100% clean electricity sourced from an advanced onboard lithium-ion or structural Ultium battery architecture.
Driving Range Capability Extensive real-world flexibility. Depending on the specific vehicle chassis and battery capacity, pure electric models comfortably deliver between 300 and 465 miles of range on a single full charge.
Charging Infrastructure Dual-method versatility. Convenient overnight replenishment via a Level 2 AC home charger, or rapid highway filling using high-speed public DC Fast Chargers (reclaiming up to 100 miles of driving range in roughly 10 minutes).
Long-Term Maintenance Significantly reduced overhead costs. Pure EVs eliminate internal combustion components completely, meaning you never have to pay for oil changes, spark plug replacements, emissions inspections, or complex fuel system repairs.
Texas State Registration Surcharge In compliance with Texas Senate Bill 505, dedicated fully electric vehicles are subject to a $200 annual registration renewal fee (or $400 upfront for a brand-new vehicle's initial two-year cycle) to actively support the State Highway Fund.

By moving to a pure electric setup, you gain unparalleled performance refinement, instantaneous acceleration, and the simplicity of home fueling. If you would like to test out this revolutionary driving dynamic for yourself, you can explore current availability online or visit our team at our local Amarillo showroom to get behind the wheel.

plug icon

Standard Hybrid Vehicles (HEVs) Breakdown

For drivers who want to dramatically maximize their fuel economy without changing their daily refueling routines or plugging in a vehicle, a traditional Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) offers a seamless transition into electrified driving. Review the core technical framework below to see how standard hybrid systems operate:

Traditional Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Framework
Primary Propulsion Dual-source system combining a traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) with an integrated electric traction motor. The systems work in tandem, allowing the electric motor to power low-speed driving and assist the gas engine during heavy acceleration.
Fuel Source Regular unleaded gasoline. The vehicle features a standard fuel tank and cannot be plugged into an external electrical outlet or charging station.
Battery Management Self-charging, passive-charging platform. The compact onboard battery pack is continuously replenished while driving through regenerative braking and an integrated internal generator powered by the gas engine.
Driving Range Capability Determined by total fuel tank capacity combined with enhanced city/highway MPG ratings. Because the electric system continuously optimizes fuel consumption, standard hybrids regularly deliver exceptional driving ranges of 500 to 600+ miles per tank.
Routine Maintenance Mirrors traditional automotive service schedules. Because there is a combustion engine onboard, these vehicles require standard oil changes, air filters, and spark plug replacements, though regenerative braking significantly extends brake pad life.
Texas State Registration Surcharge Exempt. Under current Texas Senate Bill 505 parameters, standard hybrid vehicles are completely exempt from the $200 annual state EV surcharge, qualifying for standard Texas registration renewal rates.

Traditional hybrids offer an effortless way to reduce fuel stops and trim emissions across the Texas Panhandle. If you are ready to compare alternative fuel options firsthand, feel free to browse our online vehicle lineup or visit our team at our local Amarillo showroom to see our models side-by-side.

Find a Charger Near You

Use the map below to find a charger near you. The map is powered by ChargeHub and is constantly being updated with all the latest charging networks.

Electric Vehicle Frequently Asked Questions

One of the most rewarding advantages of moving to a premium all-electric vehicle (EV) is eliminating routine trips to the gas station. Replenishing your vehicle's energy supply is as straightforward as plugging in a power cord at the end of the day, seamlessly integrating into your normal home routine. However, because modern EVs utilize highly advanced structural battery platforms and smart power-management systems, understanding how charging speeds, local electrical grids, and efficiency metrics interact will help you maximize your investment. Review our comprehensive guide below for answers to the most common questions regarding regular EV charging and ownership.

What Are the Basics of Level 1 Charging?

Level 1 charging is the most basic method of powering an electric vehicle and is completed by plugging the vehicle’s factory-included charging cable directly into a standard 120-volt three-prong household electrical outlet. This is an incredibly accessible option because it requires absolutely zero modifications to your home's electrical panel or garage wiring.

Because standard household outlets deliver low electrical current (typically around 1.2 to 1.4 kW of continuous power), Level 1 charging is the slowest available method, adding roughly 3 to 5 miles of driving range per hour. While this is rarely ideal for replenishing a completely depleted long-range battery quickly, it remains a highly reliable option for drivers with shorter daily commutes who can leave their vehicle plugged in over extended weekends or long overnight periods.

What Is Level 2 Charging and Why Is It Recommended for Home Installation?

Level 2 charging utilizes a 240-volt electrical circuit—the same higher voltage footprint required by heavy-duty household appliances like electric clothes dryers or central air conditioning units. This higher-capacity delivery substantially speeds up the energy transfer process, allowing most modern Cadillac EVs to completely replenish their onboard battery packs from a low state of charge to 100% in roughly 4 to 8 hours.

Level 2 infrastructure is the most common charging setup found in public environments, including regional shopping centers, municipal parking structures, and corporate office complexes across the Texas Panhandle. For maximum everyday convenience, owners can easily have a dedicated Level 2 charging station installed directly in their home garage. This home upgrade typically requires a licensed local electrician to install a dedicated 40-amp or 50-amp circuit breaker, providing the freedom to wake up every single morning with a fully charged vehicle.

What Is DC Fast Charging and "Quick Charging"?

Direct Current (DC) Fast Charging, often referred to as Level 3 or "Quick Charging," represents the pinnacle of rapid refueling infrastructure. Unlike Level 1 and Level 2 configurations that supply Alternating Current (AC) which the vehicle must convert internally, a DC Fast Charger bypasses the vehicle’s onboard converter to pump high-voltage electricity directly into the battery core.

This commercial-grade architecture is designed specifically for long-distance highway travel, operating at high outputs of up to 150 kW or 350 kW. When connected to a compatible high-speed station, an advanced EV can reclaim up to 80-100 miles of driving range in a mere 10 minutes, allowing you to quickly top off your battery during a brief rest stop and continue your journey without delay.

Where Are Public Charging Stations Located in the Amarillo Area?

Public charging infrastructure has expanded dramatically, making it incredibly simple to find power on the go. Major nationwide public networks like EVgo, Electrify America, and ChargePoint operate numerous high-velocity stations along principal Texas highway corridors. Furthermore, standard public infrastructure has completely transitioned to the North American Charging Standard (NACS / SAE J3400), allowing late-model luxury EVs to plug directly into the extensive nationwide Tesla Supercharger network for seamless long-distance routing.

Locating a public charger takes no effort at all. Modern Cadillac EVs feature intelligent, built-in navigation software that monitors your real-time battery status and automatically plots required charging stops along your active driving route. Drivers can also easily cross-reference live station availability, real-time pricing schemas, and plug compatibility using standard smartphone platforms via Apple CarPlay or Android Auto.

When Is the Best Time to Charge an EV to Lower Utility Costs in Texas?

Unlike deregulated parts of the state, utility services in the Amarillo area are primarily managed by regulated providers like Xcel Energy or local member cooperatives (such as Deaf Smith Electric or South Plains Electric Cooperative). To lower your operating costs, it is highly recommended to take advantage of specific residential EV pricing programs or Time-of-Use (TOU) schedules that lower your electricity rates during overnight off-peak windows.

By utilizing your vehicle’s built-in digital charging scheduler, you can simply plug your car in when you arrive home from work, but instruct the vehicle to delay drawing power until those designated overnight off-peak hours lock in. This completely shields your household from high afternoon peak-demand pricing spikes while dramatically minimizing your overall cost-per-mile fueling overhead.

What is MPGe and How Does It Compare to Standard MPG?

Traditional internal combustion vehicles measure fuel efficiency using miles per gallon (MPG) based on liquid fuel consumption. To provide a standardized point of comparison for alternative-fuel configurations, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed the **MPGe** metric, which stands for **Miles Per Gallon Equivalent**.

The underlying math is rooted in pure energy conversion: the EPA determined that the raw thermal energy contained within one single gallon of conventional gasoline is exactly equal to **33.7 kilowatt-hours (kWh)** of electrical energy. Therefore, if an electric vehicle can travel 100 miles using exactly 33.7 kWh of electricity from its battery pack, it earns an official efficiency rating of 100 MPGe. This standardized rating allows buyers to easily compare environmental efficiency and running costs across electric, hybrid, and conventional gas models.